We chose 20 normal (control) subjects (sixteen men and four women), who ranged in age from 20 to 31 years, (mean age, 24 years) and had no history of symptoms about the shoulder.
The mean age for the 14 subjects was 12.1±0.4 years, with a range of 11.4 to 12.6 years.
There were 7 males patients 6 females patients, with a mean age of 43.8 years (range, 15 to 76 years).
The ages at the time of operation ranged from fifteen to thirty-two years, with a mean of twenty-two years.
The mean age when the athletes had started playing organized baseball was seven years (range, four to ten years old).
The mean age was 71 years (range, 39-85 years) for the women and 53 years (range, 16-79 years) for the men. The mean age of the women was 71 years (range, 39 to 85 years) and that of the men, 53 years (range, 16 to 79 years).
These included four male patients and nine females, with an average age of 33 years.
The mean patient age was 27 years at surgery and the average follow-up was 44 months (range, 18 to 48).
There were 18 patients with 20-shoulder problem. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 63 years (average, 35 years).
Only three patients were over the age of 50.
The ages of the donors at the time of death were not available.
障害側に関する表現(レシピ②)
There were 11 dominant-side dislocations.
The right shoulder was involved in 70 patients and the left shoulder in 38.
19 shoulders were on the dominant side, and both extremities were involved in three patients.
Twenty-eight right shoulders and 14 left shoulders were operated on.
The right shoulder was operated on in 28 patients and the left, in 14.
受傷機転や疾患,その背景に関する表現(レシピ③)
patients with low activity levels and minimal pain who are able to remain independent with limited use of a single upper extremity.
patients with medical conditions that would make surgery too risky.
Instability occurred most frequently during sports involving overhead motion.
Eleven dislocations occurred in a collision sport, 8 in football and 1 each in lacrosse, boxing, and wrestling.
The cause of the instability was not related to a traumatic event in seven shoulders and was related to a traumatic event in the remaining seven shoulders including one from water skiing, two from diving, one from a fall, one from football, and two motor vehicle accidents.
The cause of the injuries leading to admission was a motorvehicle accident in 28, a pedestrian injury in three and a fall in three.
Thirty-three patients (61%) reported a specific instance of shoulder trauma; two thirds of these were athletic-related traumatic events.
The vast majority of injuries to the acromioclavicular joint are due to a direct fall onto the top of the shoulder.
The initiating event in all patients was related to sports.
The other two cases were the result of direct blows on the floor from falls in gymnastics and basketball.
Throwing was the most common mechanism of injury (28%), followed by lifting (14%), motor vehicle accident (12%), insidious onset (12%), and falling (11%).
Victims of automobile and motorcycle accidents comprise 70 percent of the admission.
The injury involved direct force in thirty-two shoulders and indirect force in nine shoulders.
The mechanisms of injury included 12 falls from a lower height and one high-velocity fall from a great height.
We selected patients for inclusion in the study from those whom we suspected as having glenoid labral tears based on symptoms and physical examination evidence of instability or clicking, excluding rotator cuff tendinitis or tear.
We studied 54 patients with shoulder pain secondary to anterior instability or glenoid labral tears refractory to 6 months of conservative management.
We reviewed 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had failure of 26 primary total elbow arthroplasties causing pain and loss of function.
Twenty-one patients who had a history of pain in the shoulder that had been present for more than three months before the first consultation were included in the study.
Her medical history showed no prior significant shoulder problems.
Sixteen patients reported their injury occurring as a result of a single incident and 30 patients could not recall a single event that initiated their symptoms.
Group 1 comprised 15 patients who selected non-operative treatment.
None of the subjects was involved in heavy manual labor or in exercise programs for strengthening the upper extremities.
Of these, 54 patients had sufficient documentation to allow retrospective analysis of their initial physical examination findings, MRI readings, and operative reports.
A 53-year-old right hand-dominant woman was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a mildly displaced greater tuberosity fracture 18 months before her presentation to the office.
Review of the surgical records between September 1991 and June 1994 at the Fujigaoka Medical Center identified 59 patients who had undergone shoulder arthroscopy and had also received a preoperative MRI examination of the affected shoulder.
At the time of the injury, seven had been in a major league.
Twenty-one of the patients were professional or serious competitive athletes; the remaining 15 were recreational athletes.
This particular disease is often found in athletes engaged in overhead motion in abduction/external rotation of the arm.
Of these patients, nine regularly played baseball on a school team and the tenth was a top athlete in judo.
Fifty-six uninjured, skilled pitchers, who were active at the college or professional level, were evaluated at the Biomechanics Laboratory.
One hundred patients who had no improvement after a minimum of six weeks of noninvasive treatment were enrolled in a prospective, non- blinded study and were randomly assigned to receive either epidural steroid injection or discectomy.
Fifteen subjects in a control group (12 men and 3 women) who had no symptomatic shoulder disease were studied at Rehabilitation Hospital in Fujigaoka, Yokohama.
The subject groups in this study consisted of 25 male professional baseball pitchers, all of whom started pitching before the age of 10 years, and 25 male control-matched subjects, none of whom were involved in any overhead throwing sports.
All subjects were free of previous childhood illness or injury that would alter bone growth.
Previous surgical procedures on the involved shoulder had been performed in 7 patients.
Previous surgery had been done twice in two shoulders, three times in nine shoulders, four times in one shoulder.
From 1980 to 1985, a total of 130 prosthetic shoulder arthroplasties were performed on 126 patients by using a monospherical prosthesis.
Sixty total shoulder replacements were performed by the senior one of us or under his supervision at the Fujigaoka Orthopaedic hospital.
All surgery was performed under the direction of the senior author.
症例の選択基準(criteria)などに関する表現(レシピ④)
Thirty-six of these 495 athletes met the criteria for inclusion in the study.
One hundred five patients with 108 involved shoulders met the criteria for this study.
However, a good reason did not exist to exclude the specimen, because it fulfilled all our inclusion criteria.
273 total shoulder replacements were inserted in 249 patients, who were divided into seven diagnostic categories.
follow-up 期間などに関する表現(レシピ⑤)
One hundred and ninety-four shoulders, which were followed for from twenty-four to ninety-nine months, were evaluated.
The average duration of follow-up at the most recent physical examination was 39 months (range. 12-73 months).
The mean patient age was 27 years at surgery and the average follow-up was 44 months (range, 18 to 48).
The follow-up of all sixty-five patients was carried out by me.
The patients were followed for an average of forty-six months.
Three patients were lost of follow-up.
Of the 41 patients, seven were lost to follow-up study and one had an inadequate follow-up period.
One patient died fourteen months after the operation, for causes unrelated to the shoulder surgery.
One patient died of unrelated causes fourteen months after operation.
The time from radical acromionectomy to evaluation in this study was less than one year in seven patients, one to two years in twelve.
follow-up 対象が人以外の場合の表現(レシピ⑥)
Six fresh-frozen cadaveric elbow specimens from adults were dissected free of all soft tissues except for the capsule, ligaments, and muscle tissue overlying the lateral collateral ligament complex. Three specimen were from the right side, and three were from the left.
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