整形外科 英語論文執筆サポーター

治療結果に関する表現（レシピ①）

1. five patients died associated injuries within three months after injury, leaving fifty-six patients with adequate follow-up. The period of follow-up averaged 25.4 months (range, eleven to forty-six months).
2. The symptoms had not been alleviated by a combination of several of the following modalities; modification of the activities of daily living， administration of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, injection of cortizone and physiotherapy.
3. Conservative treatment consisting of a sling, various anti-inflammatory medications, and analgesics had failed to adequately relieve the pain in each patient.
4. A small amount of local anesthetic infiltrated into the subacromial space gave temporary pain relief.
5. Clinical signs were relieved with an injection of lidocaine into the subacromial space.
6. After surgical treatment, all patients had improvement in preoperative symptoms such as pain and limited range of motion.
7. The average range of active forward elevation in all of the shoulders improved from 71 to 100 degrees, and both external and internal rotation improved as well.
8. Overall, 29 patients rated their shoulders as much better, 10 were better, and 11 were the same or worse.
9. All were pleased with the surgical result.
10. If improvement does not occur within a reasonable period of time, further diagnostic measures should be taken to determine the integrity of the rotator cuff.
11. Epidural steroid injection was not as effective as discectomy with regard to reducing symptoms and disability associated with a large herniation of the lumbar disc.
12. However, more women used analgesics at follow-up and reported greater back and leg pain than the men.
13. Good and excellent outcomes are reported in only 40% to 83% of all patients at 3 to 18 years follow-up.
14. No abnormalities in the glenohumeral joint were noted, with the exception of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons.
15. The arthroscope is of less value in assessing rotator cuff damage.
16. At operation, we have been able to prove clinically suspected coracohumeral impingement even when this had not been demonstrable by CT scan.
17. One year after surgery, the patient had pain-free, normal range of motion and normal strength of the right shoulder with clinical and radiographic evidence of healed nonunion.
18. Clinical loosening of the glenoid component was not seen in his series with an average follow-up of 37 months.
19. Additional intraarticular injuries observed that did not statistically affect outcome included partial rotator cuff tears, partial biceps tendon tears, loose bodies, and mild synovitis.
20. Their patients had poor results after partial excision of labral detachments and worsening results over time in partial excision of labral tears alone.
21. For the entire study group, abduction in the plane of the scapula increased an average of 75 degrees, from a preoperative average of 33 degrees to a postoperative average of 108 degrees.
22. On the average, sectioning of the interval capsule increased the range of flexion by a mean of 6 degrees, extension by 7 degrees, external rotation in the neutral position by 6 degrees.
23. Stiffness was more marked in patients who were older at onset of disease and when treatment was delayed by more than 6 months. Total ankylosis occurred only in the group that was operated on.
24. Although the majority of our athletes (82%) returned to their original sports, less than half (48%) though that their performance was exactly the same as that of their preinjury period.
25. At three months, the surgically treated group had better results, but at 13 months, there was no difference in pain, motion, or strength between the two groups.
26. However, the average time to a pain-free state and return to work was significantly less for the conservative group than for the operative group.
27. In a recent study, 24% of the patients who had not undergone distal clavicle excision were found to have degenerative joint disease versus 4.5% of the patients who had had the distal clavicle excised.
28. The intra-articular loose bodies ranged in size from 9 to 11mm with an average size of 10mm.
29. There was 100% resumption of heavy work and competitive sports with full function, good cosmesis, and normal shoulder strength on Cybex testing.
30. Cybex testing showed some decrease in bench press strength as well as some diminution of high-speed flexion and shoulder extension. No increase in fatigue and no weakness in other modalities occurred.
31. When comparing frontal versus scapular plane it shows less activation for abduction in the scapular plane.
32. For the sulcus tests no significant differences in the position of the center of the humeral head were seen between similar tests.
33. Recurrence was highest in the 31-to 50-year-old age group, which contained 67% of recurrence.
34. The highest recurrence rate was noted in the 41- to 50-year-old age group, who comprised 40% of the total recurrence.
35. Patients without thoracic outlet syndrome had a recurrence rate of 9% compared with a recurrence rate of 20% in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome.
36. The mean strength in foreword flexion improved from 3.7 points (range, 1 to 5 points) preoperatively to 4.7 points (range, 2 to 5 points postoperatively.
37. The average preoperative rating for pain was 2.4 points (range, 1 to 6 points) and the average postoperative rating was 9.1 points (range, 5 to 10 points), for an average improvement of 6.7 points on our scale, which is a significant difference.
38. The overall JOA score improved significantly from 57.8 to 86.0 points (p < 0.001)
39. This posterior shift has been high statistical significance in internal and neutral rotation, with each position differing significantly from the other.
40. In fact, an almost liner relationship existed between the effective glenoid depth and its stability ratio for any given direction.
41. The scores in each category increased significantly at follow-up examinations.
42. An exact estimation varied from 86% for the small to 99% for the medium tears.
43. There was no significant difference in labral lesion type with respect to the presence or absence of laxity.
44. A report of this technique in 26 of 53 patients, who were older than 61 years, revealed that complications were more frequently observed in elderly persons.
45. Two years after surgery, sixty of the 105 subjects required a handrail.

画像診断の結果に関する表現（レシピ②）

46. Standard radiographs revealed a locked posterior dislocation in all patients.
47. West Point view radiographs taken after reduction demonstrated a small calcific density at the anterior glenoid rim, which represented a long avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament, in 4 of 15 patients.
48. At the time of the last follow-up evaluation, a lucent line was less than one millimeter in which in twenty-five shoulders, was one millimeter wide in twenty-one, and was 1.5 millimeters wide in six.
49. The radiograph reveals that the involved joint is slightly wider than the contralateral side and the lateral clavicle is slightly elevated, with less than a 4-mm or 40% difference in the coracoclavicular distances.
50. All patients with knee pain had bony destruction on initial X-ray films.
51. Roentgenograms indicated a widened fracture line on the right olecranon. Comparison views of the contralateral elbow disclosed a fused growth plate of the left olecranon.
52. Diffuse erosions of bone were the most striking changes demonstrated on the scan.
53. Union is considered to be achieved when bridging callus is seen and patients can use their arms freely with no pain.
54. The period from operation to the appearance of suffcient bridging callus on plain radiographs was 4-12 weeks.
55. The average time to union as shown on X-ray was 6 weeks.
56. Union occurred when a solid bar of periosteal callus crossed the site of fracture and no motion or pain occurred on palpation or manipulation of the arm.
57. Fracture consolidation was defined as obliteration of the fracture lines and formation of bone callus, as observed on frontal and lateral view radiographs.
58. The arthrogram may be interpreted as negative in cases of A.
59. CT arthrography confirmed the diagnosis of six full-thickness tears.
60. Magnetic resonance imaging identified only 24 of 41 tears, for a sensitivity of 59% and specificity of 85%.
61. Magnetic resonance arthrography that injected dye into the joint was more useful than simple magnetic resonance imaging in making a diagnosis.
62. Scintigraphy showed diffuse, weak uptake in the right humerus.
63. On sonograms, the cartilaginous epiphysis appears as a smoothly marginated hypoechonic matrix with small echogenic reflectors randomly interspersed.
64. Ultrasonography correctly predicted the width of 87% of the full-thickness tears and 54% of the partial-thickness tears, and magnetic resonance imaging correctly predicted the width of 80% and 75%, respectively.
65. Stress radiographs showed that the average total tibia translation in Group 1was significantly different from those in Group 2 and Group 3.
66. There were radiolucent lines around one of the three silicon-type radial head prostheses.
67. MRI has the ability to detect and differentiate partial-thickness tears from full-thickness tear.
68. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging has been used with increasing frequency as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients who have pain in the shoulder that has not responded to treatment.
69. These findings can be most evident on T2-weighted images.
70. A full-thickness tear was identified by increased signal intensity.
71. The visualization of incomplete tears using conventional shoulder arthrography is considered diffcult and often unreliable.
72. Arthrography of the shoulder made it possible to visualize abnormalities of the glenoid labrum and irregularities of the articular cartilage.
73. Arthrography establishes the correct diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis.
74. The detection of partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff by imaging is more diffcult than that of full-thickness tears.
75. Actually, the current cases of intratendinous tears were all diagnosed as impingement syndrome preoperatively because neither arthrography nor bursography could have disclosed the lesion within the substance of the cuff.
76. Supraspinatus tendon tears are best seen in the external rotation view, whereas internal rotation helps to identify tears of the infraspinatus and teres minor tendon.
77. Both of these imaging techniques provided the ability to make a diagnosis preoperatively and facilitated preoperative discussion of treatment options.
78. This view was also most helpful in detecting the length of the tendon tear in a medial-to-lateral direction.
79. They aided in demonstrating the presence and size of a full-thickness tear and in differentiating it from partial tear.

EMGの結果に関する表現（レシピ③）

80. All three principal elbow flexors - the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis - have been shown by EMG studies to be active during the arm acceleration phase.
81. In an EMG comparison between professional and amateur pitchers, biceps activity was greater for the amateurs.
82. Electromyograms of the shoulder girdle muscles were non-contributory.
83. Electromyographic examination showed severe denervation in the muscles supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve.
84. In the upper trapezius, activity was very high during early cocking. In the middle trapezius, activity was high in late cocking. During follow-through, activity was moderate to high in the serratus anterior and low to moderate in the rest of the scapular rotators.
85. All three portions of the deltoid exhibited high levels of activity during deceleration and low levels of activity during follow-through.
86. The rotator cuff muscles as a group demonstrated moderate activity during early cocking, very high activity during late cocking, high activity during acceleration, moderate to very high activity during deceleration, and low activity during follow-through.
87. Twenty positive studies showed an average conduction velocity decrease of 24 m/s or a 35% difference in velocity across the elbow versus below the elbow. The conduction velocity slowing was greater with more severe ulnar nerve involvement.

Statistical Analysisの結果に関する表現（レシピ④）

88. All of the patients were able to return to their previous sports; however, there was a statistically significant difference in the rapidity of return(p < 0.05).
89. On paired t-tests, the women athletes demonstrated significantly greater range of motion in the nondominant shoulder in external rotation, total rotation, and total rotation difference between the dominant and nondominant arms(p < 0.05).
90. Internal rotation in the nondominant arm was significantly less in players with 6 to 9 years of tournament play compared with those with less than 6 years(p < 0.05).
91. Tears of the medial meniscus were relatively more frequently found in men than in women and the difference was significant(p < 0.01).
92. Comparisons between shoulder rotation at the glenohumeral joints on the dominant and non-dominant sides indicated significant differences on each measurement(p < 0.05).
93. The scores in each category increased significantly at follow-up examinations.
94. The average preoperative rating for pain was 2.4 points (range, 1 to 6 points) and the average postoperative rating was 9.1 points (range, 5 to 10 points), for an average improvement of 6.7 points on our scale, which is a significant difference.
95. We calculated correlation coefficients based on shoulder rotation measurements and both age and years of tournament play. Moderate negative correlations were found between dominant total rotation of the shoulder and age, dominant internal rotation of the shoulder and years of total play.
96. Whether the grouping was by sex, age, or years of tournament play, dominant shoulder internal rotation decreased, and dominant shoulder total rotation decreased.
97. It was found that both were negatively correlated with the age of the patients significantly (r = 0.71 for shoulder flexion/age and r = 0.67 for Neer score/age; p < 0.05, both).
98. Pain assessments with an analog scale revealed an overall improvement from 16.7 preoperatively to 3.3 at final follow-up.
99. The modified Wilson score revealed 50 elbows to be clinically better and 10 elbows to have poor results.
100. The mean strength in foreword flexion improved from 3.7 points (range, 1 to 5 points) preoperatively to 4.7 points (range, 2 to 5 points postoperatively.
101. The overall JOA score improved significantly from 57.8 to 86.0 points (p < 0.001)
102. This posterior shift has been high statistical significance in internal and neutral rotation, with each position differing significantly from the other.
103. In fact, an almost liner relationship existed between the effective glenoid depth and its stability ratio for any given direction.
104. he scores in each category increased significantly at follow-up examinations.
105. Strength was restored by both methods; however, with weak statistical significance (p < 0.1), it was better after the new method.
106. An exact estimation varied from 86% for the small to 99% for the medium tears.
107. Humeral head retroversion was significantly increased in the dominant shoulder compared with the non-dominant shoulder. However, total range of motion and glenohumeral laxity was not significantly different between shoulders.
108. Although there was a trend toward a greater range of motion in the pitchers compared with the position players, this difference did not reach statistical significance.
109. There was no significant difference in humeral head retroversion, glenoid retroversion, total motion, between the dominant and non-dominant shoulders.
110. There was no significant difference between test speeds, either.
111. For radiographic findings of OCD, there were significant difference between pitchers and fielders. However, there was no statistical difference between pitchers and catchers or catchers and fielders. In subjects with radiographic findings of separation, there was no statistical difference between the three comparison groups (pitchers and catchers, catchers and fielders, or pitchers and fielders).
112. There was no significant difference between ischemic and perfused heads when comparing age (p = 0.48), sex (p =. 11), or side (p = .1).
113. The preoperative subjective score for patients with grade 3 lesions averaged 75.0 points (range, 50-90 points).